Why I Hate Microsoft Word's Spellchecker ...

.....The constellation of Scorpius (the Scorpion) appears in the southern sky at this time each year, as seen from the Northern Hemisphere.  There are several myth explaining this constellation; of them, one holds that this is the scorpion that killed Orion the Hunter, thus explaining why the two constellations can never be seen in the sky together.  (There is more than one story concerning the death of Orion, so this may explain why Aesculapius is credited with bringing Orion back back from the dead to be killed in more interesting ways by the gods.  I've had days that felt like that.)  A different myth from Hawai'i explains that this constellation is Maui's fishhook, which got caught on the bottom of the ocean and dredged up the Hawaiian Islands.

.....There  have some good news, and I have some bad news ... oh, what the heck, I'll start out with the good news, everybody likes good news ... Scorpius has a number of bright stars, and it's basic pattern (a scraggly line) is fairly easy to follow.  Furthermore, as we will see on our next cycle through the constellations, Scorpius has a number of bright star clusters, and some of them look very attractive through binoculars.  (Two bright open clusters can be found by looking just to the northeast (up and left, on the map) of Shaula and Girtab.  these are labeled as M6 and M7, and they are quite nice sights in binoculars or a telescope.  This is not a surprise, as the summer Milky Way goes through Scorpius and Sagittarius, and covers most of these constellations.  In fact, on this map the center of our galaxy is about 30,00 light years away, in a direction just north of M6.

.....The map below shows Scorpius on our "standard" sized maps, with a radius of 30 degrees (where the angular distance across the sky from the end of a fully extended pinky to the end of a fully ectended thumb, held at arm's length, is about 15 degrees. 

.....Let's zoom in a bit (the radius of this image is 20 degrees) so that the traditional star names clearly refer to their associated stars, and we get a bit of a closer view.

.....The bad news is that Scorpius is located far to the south in the sky.  In the northern hemisphere, Scorpius spends less time above the horizon, rising in the southeast (instead of the east), and setting in the southwest.  On the chart below, I am showing the approximate horizon for Scorpius, at its very highest, for a selection of American cities.  (If  you don't live in one of these cities, go by latitude.)  For areas that correspond to the northern United States (Philadelphia is at about the same latitude as Beijing, and is actually south of Istanbul), Scorpius is only fully above the horizon for a brief time.  Add to this that this map assumes an uncluttered southern horizon, so that any trees, hills, or Pump 'N Munches will interfere with that, and that when looking that low on the horizon you are looking through more than five times as much, wobbly, humid, dusty air as when you look straight up, observing Scorpius can feel like you are trying to do so from the bottom of a swimming pool.

.....So if you are living in the continental United States, or at comparative latitudes (in Asia, the horizon of Karachi, Pakistan would be roughly equivalent to Miami), then the existence of the stars in the highlighted area will simply have to be taken at my word.

.....Now if you have gotten your knowledge of the sky from a newspaper column across from Family Circus, or if you are a spellchecking program, you may have been subconsciously changing the name of the constellation to "Scorpio" but that's not its name.  Spread the word, okay?

Hercules, or "There?", "No, next to it", "There?", "Kinda"

..........Hercules is a constellation of fairly dim stars surrounded by brighter constellations. One might consider just skipping over these stars, but there are some beautiful binocular and telescope objects located in this constellation (the subject of my next post), and these objects make the hunt worth the wait. These objects will also trigger the start of what I am modestly) calling the "Leckenby list". There are many different lists of deep sky objects, the most well known of those being the Messier Catalog, but much of my observing history has been from suburbia, where a lot of even the Messier objects are invisible in a small telescope, and where there are a number of other cool deep sky objects that Messier, for one reason or another, did not see fit to put on his list. There are other lists, such as the Caldwell list, that look at deep sky objects that are in the same range as the Messier list, just not recorded by him, and some bright, wide objects that these lists have considered as too obvious or outside their scope (rim shot), such as double stars. The Leckenby List is my list of cool sky objects that can be seen with a small telescope in suburbia. You don't have to go through what I did, hours of effort to find some object that I've been promised is there, only to discover that I am looking at it, I just can't see it.

.....It is the purpose of a later run through the sky to go into more depth on the story and legends behind the constellations. In any event, I will go under the assumption that if something makes Disney, the basics are fairly well understood.

.....(Although this movie left out Hercules killing his wife and children in a drunken rage. They must be saving that for the sequel.)




.....As far as that goes, if you're going to look for one of the popularizations of Hercules, I'd seek out the Steve Reeves movie versions from the late 1950's. These were brought to my attention by the Mystery Science Theater 3000 versions of Hercules and Hercules unchained, but if your standards are a little relaxed (three beers, or it is 4 AM in the morning, or some such) these movies are as good as any from the era and from the genre. Better than, say, Clash of the Titans (either version).


.....The constellation of Hercules can be found between the constellations of Corona Borealis (or, "The Kite-Eating Tree", if I can get that to catch on) which is relatively easy to find, and the constellation Lyra, easy to find due to the presence of the bright star Vega. (Vega and Arcturus are two of the brightest stars in the sky, and Hercules is roughly between them.) Find the constellation by looking for the two rhomboids that make up the central body of Hercules. The northern one, smaller and a little easier to find, is called the "Keystone", and this will be our starting point for two bright globular clusters in this area.

.....Looking at this, you may find the presence of Hercules less than obvious. That is, looking at this once you finally find it in the sky. (No slight is intended. I've been observing the sky since I was seven, and Hercules is on of those constellations that I have to find, as opposed to just jumping out at me. In fact, on the Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode in which Joel and the 'bots watch the first Hercules movie, they comment on how most of the constellations don't seem to make sense, and Tom Servo attempts to reframe the constellations in terms of modern sensibilities. (You can watch it at this link; the relevant segment starts at about 3:09.) In honor of Tom's work, I'm going to rechristen this constellation into our modern form (joining the Kite and the Kite-Eating Tree) as something that these stars resemble as much as they do any version of Hercules, I give you ...

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Pablo Picasso's Cubist masterpiece, "Guernica"

Why'd It Have To Be Snakes?

.....I will confess that some (perhaps about half) of my posts have been revisions of posts from The Messier Pro from previous years, when I was not able to sustain my tour of the sky.  (This time, for sure!)  We are now moving into a zone where everything (with maybe one exception) will be new.

.....One of the largest constellations in the summer sky is actually two constellations.  In another sense, it could be thought of three constellations.  Technically, the constellation of Ophiuchus is the Serpent Bearer, and the constellation of Serpens, the serpent that he his carrying/wrestling with.  Here is a map of the constellation:

.....And below is the representation of this constellation as Johann Bayer drew it in the star atlas Uranometria, in case my description of the constellation didn't make sense to you ...

When illustrating a figure named "man wrestling giant serpent" it is a wise artistic move NOT to show from the front.

.....which would be reasonable, as while most constellations at least make some sort of surface level of sense (the hunter, the scorpion, the northern crown, the swan, ...) what the heck is up with "the guy holding snake"?  When does that make sense?

.....Here's where the problem comes in.  Suppose that it is not a good night, and the limiting magnitude is 2.00.  (This would be a really bad night in the country, but if you live somewhere with a lot of streetlights, this could come into play as a bright night or if that part of the sky is over some of these lights.)  In that case, you see nothing in this area.

.....With a little better sky, and a limiting magnitude of 4.00, at least the "house" shape of Ophiuchus shows up.  Serpens is largely invisible yet, and since there are no real patterns in Serpens, just a "scraggly line of stars", this constellation is still invisible.  (On our next pass through the constellations, next year, this does at least give us bright stars to allow us to start finding all of the bright globular clusters in these two constellations.)

.....We need to be able to see all the way down to fifth magnitude in order to make out the patterns of Ophiuchus and Serpens.  On the map at the beginning, for this constellation I had to show stars down to sixth magnitude in order for the patterns to be apparent.

.....All of this can distract from the basic oddness of the constellations themselves.  I'm not referring to Serpens being split in half, with Serpens Caput (the head) and Serpens Cauda (the tail), but the story of the constellation itself.  The constellation group seems to be so old that there is not "a" story associated with the stars, but a "well, I guess it means..." explaining the large pattern of a guy wrestling with a snake.  The most common explanation is that the star group represents Aesculapius, the son of Apollo who became so proficient at medicine that he could bring the dead back to life.  (One of his subjects was Orion the Hunter, or this could be a Classical retconn to account for the two different legends of Orion's death.)  This, as one might guess, is one of the fast ways to land you on the gods' &^%$ list, so he was immediately struck down and placed in the heavens.  The serpent has represented the medical profession (including the intertwined serpents of the Caduceus) because the ancients saw the snake shedding its skin and got the idea that the snake could therefore regenerate its way to immortality, a feat actually reserved for Timelords.  There are many, many other myths that have been attached to these stars from " Hey, maybe it's Izhdubar opposing Tiamat" to "Hey, let's change it to Saint Benedict among the thorns".

.....I was going to now try and see if I could find some other pattern among the stars that might be more recognizable than, well, something that no one has recognized, when Anne Marie walked behind me and asked, "Which constellation is the frog?"

....Frog?  What the heck are you talking ...

.....Well, blast.

.....Lastly Ophiuchus  is actually the thirteenth constellation of the Zodiac, as the path of the Sun crosses that little leg sticking out of the bottom.  Ophiuchus actually contains the Sun from November 30th until December 17th.  Scorpius only contains the Sun from November 22nd until November 29th.  (Yes, neither of these match up with what the columns in the newspapers say: those are based entirely on the Babylonian religion of 2500 years ago, and have slightly less reliability than, say, Charlie Sheen.

A Tour Through My Links

.....On the side of my page, I've listed a number of astronomy-based links.  For this post, I thought that it would be fair to examine why I have chosen to list these sources, and what value the reader (as one interested in astronomy) or the reader (as one interested in astronomy education) might find these web sites useful.

.....The first one on the list is the Astronomy Picture of the Day.  In addition to providing a cool new image every day, in addition to giving something that I have often used as a topic of discussion before class, in addition to one of the people running it being someone I knew from Michigan Tech, each day's image has a comprehensive set of links that serves very well as a way to get background material on the topic at hand.  One of the biggest problems I've found when moving into a new topic is when you don't know enough to ask good questions.  APOD gives you a number of ways to explore questions that you didn't realize you should be asking.  The only downside to APOD is that the search function allows no fuzziness at *all*.  If you don't get the spelling or word order exactly correct, your goal will be missed.



.....Next is Heavens Above.  Once you have specified where you are (at the very top, I prefer selecting "from database", which then leads you to pick your country, then search for your town.  Once this done, you have many options.  Under "Astronomy", you can always call up a star map that you can set for any date and time you wish.  Sadly, my "The July Sky" cannot do that.  What I use more frequently is the "Satellites" section.  For example, I note that Winona gets no good views of the International Space Station over the next ten days, and that the brightest satellite that I can expect to see on Wednesday night will be a Chinese rocket body.

.....The Interactive Scale of the Universe is simply fun.  Once it loads, by moving "in" and "out", you can examine the sizes of objects from the Planck length to the Universe.  (I paused, deciding whether or not to capitalize "universe".  My conclusion was that if I did not, why capitalize anything?)  




.....My primary use of SpaceWeather.com is to look at their image of the Sun, to see if there are any sunspots to observe.  (Just to be consistent, never, never, NEVER look at the Sun without using filters specifically and explicitly designed for this purpose.  Unless, of course, you feel that you have more eyes than you really need.)

.....Including Stardate, produced by McDonald Observatory, keeps me from simply cribbing their stuff and going back to Facebook.







.....The Messier Pro is my other blog, and the posts in Suburban Observing will appear in the Messier Pro as well.  The difference is that Suburban Observing is following something on a plan (no, really!), and that plan involves the first run through the sky focusing on the constellations before we look at the things that are in those constellations.  As I do make sketches and maps of the cool objects that can be found in a small telescope, I will post those on the Messier Pro.

.....The Sky Survey result of the night sky is a wonderful zoomable map, on which you can seek out photos pf the constellations and deep sky objects that we will look at here.  The difficulty is that my maps are based on how the stars appear in the sky from mid-northern latitudes, while this map is plotted against the galaxy, which is tilted at quite some angle in the sky.


.....While it has no direct connection to astronomy, you should also check out The Messy Apron, because it's cool.  C'mon, everybody's gotta eat.

The Northern Crown, A Constellation That Kinda Looks Like Its Namesake. Kinda.

.....For today, let's go back to my discussion of Boötes is a herdsman with his dogs (the constellation Canes Venatici) chasing the Great Bear (Ursa Major) forever around the pole, or “the kite”.  Next to Boöte, there is a semicircle of stars which makes up the constellation of Corona Borealis, the Northern Crown.

.....There is not a lot in Corona Borealis, even using a telescope.  In fact, with an eight-inch telescope there are no visible deep-sky objects at all.  So, let me put in a personal anecdote as a filler.  When I was much younger, carrying my telescope out to an extraneous plot of land behind our house, one of our neighbors asked me about what constellations were visible, and when I got to this one, he said,” No. That’s not it. I’ve seen that before and that’s not it!!!” (He didn’t shout, but he was speaking very definitively and I’ve learned that nothing is more definitive on the internet than using three exclamation points.) I realized pretty much instantaneously that he was thinking about the northern lights, the *aurora* borealis, but I cannot remember if I tried to explain that, or just thought, “Whatever, old dude” (or whatever the early 80’s version of that was) and went on.

.....At least Corona Borealis looks kind of like a circlet of stars, but recreating Boötes would allow us to reimage the second constellation that we are looking at today, Corona Borealis away from being the Northern Crown into, say, the Kite-Eating Tree from Peanuts.

.....(I know that the kite appears larger than the tree; it’s foreshortening. The tree is in the background, waiting for the kite to slip up, drift away and get caught. If this story seems too grim for backyard astronomy, please reread the original myth.)

The July Sky

.....The was a bit of a blip posting this, so here is the correct version.

.....Below is shown an image of the night sky as it is at ten PM in early July (corresponding to nine PM in mid-July, and eight PM by late July.  We can now start to see how the sky changes over time by comparing the sky in July with the sky in June (also shown below).

 

.....As before, I have included constellations that have already been discussed (Boötes, Ursa Major, Libra, Ursa Minor, and the asterism of the Summer Triangle) as well as some constellations that will be coming soon, such as Ophuichus and Serpens, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Lyra, Aquila, and Cygnus).  Note that on the maps below, the points of the compass are shown as on the maps above.  To see these constellations, take your computer (or print out the map, totally your choice) and turn it so that the labeled north (south, east, west, whatever) is at the bottom of the map when you are looking north (south, east, west, whatever.

.....The summer sky can illustrate a couple of different points.  The map below shows all stars theoretically visible, all the way down to sixth magnitude.  There are two reasons why I don't use this map for my basic sky map; sadly, the vast majority of people don't get to see the sky like this (I did, last week, and I'll be writing about that tomorrow), and if you did see the sky like this, it might well overwhelm even a fairly experienced suburban skywatcher.  Also on the map below, you might note that there are more stars in the eastern sky than the western sky, and that there almost seems to be a band going from the south to the northeast.  This is the summer Milky Way with the center of our galaxy between Scorpius and Sagittarius (and then another 30,000 light years), so hopefully this makes sense.

.....This map assumes that the reader can see stars of fifth magnitude or brighter.  This is still wildly optimistic for most people, but as you will see, I kind of need to go to this level in order for the patterns as generally associated with the constellations to make any sense.

 .....This map shows the sky to a limiting magnitude of fourth magnitude (remember that the lower the number, the brighter the star).  Holes start to appear in the constellation patterns.

 .....If the sky is cloudy or bright enough that nothing fainter than third magnitude can be seen, then only the larger patterns (such as the Summer Triangle) can be seen.

 .....Now that only second magnitude stars or brighter are shown, then only the brightest stars appear, but it is still enough to allow you to orient yourself.

.....If first magnitude stars are visible, one might wish to go back inside and expand your mind or hang out with loved ones, or, at this point, just watch some TV.

.....Finally, it could be completely cloudy: